摘要 :
The range of trend of oil price will be decided by marginal production cost of crude oil and production cost of alternative energy consumed as transportation fuel on a large scale. The former factor determines the lower limit and ...
展开
The range of trend of oil price will be decided by marginal production cost of crude oil and production cost of alternative energy consumed as transportation fuel on a large scale. The former factor determines the lower limit and the latter determines the upper limit of oil price. With increasing difficulty of oil production increment, the marginal cost will increase gradually and the lower limit of oil price will go up; however, with the advancement of technology, the production cost of alternative energy will be lowered. With combination of aforementioned two factors, the range of oil price trend will be narrowed. As the oil market is commercialized, financial factors and the value of USD will not only affect the short-term change of oil price, they may become fundamentals factors that exert influence on the mid-long term change of oil price, namely, "New Fundamentals", which will determine the fluctuation degree of oil price in the long run.
收起
摘要 :
The range of trend of oil price will be decided by marginal production cost of crude oil and production cost of alternative energy consumed as transportation fuel on a large scale. The former factor determines the lower limit and ...
展开
The range of trend of oil price will be decided by marginal production cost of crude oil and production cost of alternative energy consumed as transportation fuel on a large scale. The former factor determines the lower limit and the latter determines the upper limit of oil price. With increasing difficulty of oil production increment, the marginal cost will increase gradually and the lower limit of oil price will go up; however, with the advancement of technology, the production cost of alternative energy will be lowered. With combination of aforementioned two factors, the range of oil price trend will be narrowed. As the oil market is commercialized, financial factors and the value of USD will not only affect the short-term change of oil price, they may become fundamentals factors that exert influence on the mid-long term change of oil price, namely, "New Fundamentals", which will determine the fluctuation degree of oil price in the long run.
收起
摘要 :
As interest in hydrogen as an alternative fuel has grown, an increasing amount of effort has been
directed towards the construction of stations. Issues such as cost, size, and location of these stations
have become pressing. Witho...
展开
As interest in hydrogen as an alternative fuel has grown, an increasing amount of effort has been
directed towards the construction of stations. Issues such as cost, size, and location of these stations
have become pressing. Without considering the important connections between station placement,
station size, and consumer demand, planners run the risk of wasting resources. One pitfall, for
example, would be over-sizing a station where there is little demand. The model presented in this
paper will use economic, travel behavior, and geographic factors simultaneously to examine various
station sizing and siting scenarios in the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG)
region. The ultimate goal is to gain insight into the total cost of constructing a station network under
different conditions. The focus of the scenarios in this paper is on near term station siting possibilities.
The station types considered are: small and large steam methane reformation (SMR) stations, small
and large electrolysis stations, and one size of mobile refueler station. The cost of the stations is
determined using the Hydrogen Station Cost Model (HSCM)[1]. The model, vetted by several key
industrial collaborators, uses near-term cost data gathered from industry. The outputs of this cost
model are used in a GIS-based model to minimize the capital and operating expense for all stations in
the network. This is accomplished by evaluating the estimated demand at a station and determining
the best station type and size. The market sizes evaluated are 2,371, 6,002, and 10,598 customers.
The average cost of fueling infrastructure per customer per year falls between $1,885 and $7,490.
Low cost per customer is associated with high station capacity factor, low number of stations, and a
large consumer base.
收起
摘要 :
As interest in hydrogen as an alternative fuel has grown, an increasing amount of effort has been
directed towards the construction of stations. Issues such as cost, size, and location of these stations
have become pressing. Wit...
展开
As interest in hydrogen as an alternative fuel has grown, an increasing amount of effort has been
directed towards the construction of stations. Issues such as cost, size, and location of these stations
have become pressing. Without considering the important connections between station placement,
station size, and consumer demand, planners run the risk of wasting resources. One pitfall, for
example, would be over-sizing a station where there is little demand. The model presented in this
paper will use economic, travel behavior, and geographic factors simultaneously to examine various
station sizing and siting scenarios in the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG)
region. The ultimate goal is to gain insight into the total cost of constructing a station network under
different conditions. The focus of the scenarios in this paper is on near term station siting possibilities.
The station types considered are: small and large steam methane reformation (SMR) stations, small
and large electrolysis stations, and one size of mobile refueler station. The cost of the stations is
determined using the Hydrogen Station Cost Model (HSCM)[1]. The model, vetted by several key
industrial collaborators, uses near-term cost data gathered from industry. The outputs of this cost
model are used in a GIS-based model to minimize the capital and operating expense for all stations in
the network. This is accomplished by evaluating the estimated demand at a station and determining
the best station type and size. The market sizes evaluated are 2,371, 6,002, and 10,598 customers.
The average cost of fueling infrastructure per customer per year falls between $1,885 and $7,490.
Low cost per customer is associated with high station capacity factor, low number of stations, and a
large consumer base.
收起
摘要 :
As interest in hydrogen as an alternative fuel has grown, an increasing amount of effort has been directed towards the construction of stations. Issues such as cost, size, and location of these stations have become pressing. Witho...
展开
As interest in hydrogen as an alternative fuel has grown, an increasing amount of effort has been directed towards the construction of stations. Issues such as cost, size, and location of these stations have become pressing. Without considering the important connections between station placement, station size, and consumer demand, planners run the risk of wasting resources. One pitfall, for example, would be over-sizing a station where there is little demand. The model presented in this paper will use economic, travel behavior, and geographic factors simultaneously to examine various station sizing and siting scenarios in the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) region. The ultimate goal is to gain insight into the total cost of constructing a station network under different conditions. The focus of the scenarios in this paper is on near term station siting possibilities. The station types considered are: small and large steam methane reformation (SMR) stations, small and large electrolysis stations, and one size of mobile refueler station. The cost of the stations is determined using the Hydrogen Station Cost Model (HSCM)[1]. The model, vetted by several key industrial collaborators, uses near-term cost data gathered from industry. The outputs of this cost model are used in a GIS-based model to minimize the capital and operating expense for all stations in the network. This is accomplished by evaluating the estimated demand at a station and determining the best station type and size. The market sizes evaluated are 2,371, 6,002, and 10,598 customers. The average cost of fueling infrastructure per customer per year falls between USD1,885 and USD7,490. Low cost per customer is associated with high station capacity factor, low number of stations, and a large consumer base.
收起
摘要 :
Within the subtask 11.1.1 of the European project STAGE-STE, the CEA is in charge of the development of an alternative low-cost collector working at medium temperature (150 -250 ℃). PTC are installed in a small glasshouse in orde...
展开
Within the subtask 11.1.1 of the European project STAGE-STE, the CEA is in charge of the development of an alternative low-cost collector working at medium temperature (150 -250 ℃). PTC are installed in a small glasshouse in order to decrease the steel mass of the solar field. After a brief background of alternative PTC construction, characteristics and advantages of such a collector are presented and PTC arrangement performance (axis orientation, tilt angle) are discussed. Then, some mechanical studies are detailed and three prototypes module design are presented as well as their optical qualification.
收起
摘要 :
The United States Postal Service (USPS) operates the largest and most visible civilian vehicle fleet in the world. To accomplish its mission, the Postal Service must have dependable sources of fuel for its 208,000 vehicles. A flee...
展开
The United States Postal Service (USPS) operates the largest and most visible civilian vehicle fleet in the world. To accomplish its mission, the Postal Service must have dependable sources of fuel for its 208,000 vehicles. A fleet operation of that size must also constantly seek ways to reduce operating costs, and United States energy policy emphasizes the goal of reducing reliance on petroleum fuels in the highway sector. In furtherance of these goals and that of environmental protection, the USPS also operates the nation's largest fleet of alternative fuel vehicles. The USPS is committed to the continuing expansion of its alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) fleet and has assumed a strong leadership role in the development and deployment of alternative fuel vehicle technologies. This paper provides an overview of the Postal Service's current AFV program and its history.
收起
摘要 :
The United States Postal Service (USPS) operates the largest and most visible civilian vehicle fleet in the world. To accomplish its mission, the Postal Service must have dependable sources of fuel for its 208,000 vehicles. A flee...
展开
The United States Postal Service (USPS) operates the largest and most visible civilian vehicle fleet in the world. To accomplish its mission, the Postal Service must have dependable sources of fuel for its 208,000 vehicles. A fleet operation of that size must also constantly seek ways to reduce operating costs, and United States energy policy emphasizes the goal of reducing reliance on petroleum fuels in the highway sector. In furtherance of these goals and that of environmental protection, the USPS also operates the nation's largest fleet of alternative fuel vehicles. The USPS is committed to the continuing expansion of its alternative fuel vehicle (AFV) fleet and has assumed a strong leadership role in the development and deployment of alternative fuel vehicle technologies. This paper provides an overview of the Postal Service's current AFV program and its history.
收起
摘要 :
Switching cost is considered a major force in information technology industries. Extensive literature of current studies focus more on its mechanism on competition and firm strategy, few researches pay attention to its impacts on ...
展开
Switching cost is considered a major force in information technology industries. Extensive literature of current studies focus more on its mechanism on competition and firm strategy, few researches pay attention to its impacts on customer behaviors. Moreover, effects of competitive products on customer's decision also have been neglected. This article investigates the role of different switching costs and alternative attractiveness in explaining customer choice in the Chinese mobile telecommunications industry. The results indicate that the influence of switching cost on switching intentions is moderated by alternative attractiveness.
收起
摘要 :
Switching cost is considered a major force in information technology industries. Extensive literature of current studies focus more on its mechanism on competition and firm strategy, few researches pay attention to its impacts on ...
展开
Switching cost is considered a major force in information technology industries. Extensive literature of current studies focus more on its mechanism on competition and firm strategy, few researches pay attention to its impacts on customer behaviors. Moreover, effects of competitive products on customer's decision also have been neglected. This article investigates the role of different switching costs and alternative attractiveness in explaining customer choice in the Chinese mobile telecommunications industry. The results indicate that the influence of switching cost on switching intentions is moderated by alternative attractiveness
收起
原文获取